Ten vols. 8vo, orig. wrappers, old stitching. [China]: 1909-12.

An important, one-of-a-kind trilingual textbook. In 1905, the Qing government took the radical move to abolish the civil service examinations, which had been contested for a long time and reformed in 1901. Rather than a system of examinations supported by schools preparing students for the lowest level of the exams, the court instituted a tiered system of schools, from elementary to advanced, with students across the country using new textbooks. Our book is a product of the extension of this new educational regime to “present-day” Inner Mongolia.

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